Essay on EMINEM How Much Damage Can You Do With a Pen

EMINEM: How Much Damage Can You Do With a Pen Damn how much damage can you do with a pen, says rapper Eminem in his song titled, Who Knew. This song is on Eminem’s most recent and most controversial album, The Marshall Mathers LP. If it possible for one single quote to sum up my research paper, then this quote does it. There exists an intense and extremely controversial set of circumstances surrounding Eminem and his music. Eminem’s lyrics have been intensely criticized lately and have been categorized as hate-filled and inappropriate by many gay organizations. The leading organization in this controversy is the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, more commonly referred to as GLAAD. Their primary focus is to create†¦show more content†¦He gives the example of an interaction between the managers and the employees of an organization, where a dispute over productivity is occurring. However frame of reference can be used in discussing the dispute between Eminem and GLAAD over hate lyrics. Just like th e managers and the employees, Eminem and GLAAD’s actions are seen by themselves through this narrow focus that allows groups or individuals to see or perceive the same situation in completely different ways. Eminem’s focus is limited to creating lyrics that will sell him records, no matter how offensive they are. He claims that his lyrics are not hate-filled and thus are not offensive. This is typical frame of reference behavior. Of course to Eminem, the creator of these lyrics, they are not going to seem offensive. He is simply viewing the situation through his own eyes, and is forgetting to truly take in to account those who he is possibly offending. Just like Eminem is viewing the situation one way, GLAAD’s own frame of reference is making them form opinions that do not take into account why Eminem writes these lyrics. GLAAD needs to realize that Eminem is first and foremost a businessman, whose primary objective is to make money, by selling records. Whether or not the way in which Eminem goes about making his money is beside the point, while discussing frame of reference. Both EminemShow MoreRelatedMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages‘full story’ that follows this summary gives you considerable detail about how to go about a case analysis, but for now here is a brief account. Before we start, a word about attitude – make it a real exercise. You have a set of historical facts; use a rigorous system to work out what strategies should be followed. All the cases are about real companies, and one of the entertaining bits of the analysis process is to compare what you have said they should do with what they really have done. So, it is

Copyright Law and University Policy Free Essays

The pressures of academic success can be overwhelming to the conscientious student.   Children are ingrained from the earliest ages that each test score will decide their future. The idea of the â€Å"permanent record† looms over them at every academic turn, and this pressure leads directly to the decision by some to cheat. We will write a custom essay sample on Copyright Law and University Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now    According to a study by the Center for Academic Integrity, it was reported that more than 70 percent of high school students in the United States admitted to serious cheating in 2005 (Paulos, 2007, p. 11). This staggering number is evidence that academic dishonesty is not a problem relegated to a few bad apples, but it is a widespread epidemic that deserves closer analysis.   After all, three out of four U.S. high school students cannot be bad students without regard for academic success. Quite to the contrary, many of these students who cheat do so because they do care about their academic success and often find themselves struggling to make the grades, rather than learn the material.   Even more than the fact that students cheat, is the design of the educational system that puts measuring education above providing one.   But, the problem is not an easy one to remedy, especially with all the new methods of cheating available to students. However, regulations exist not only at the national level, but also at the university level, as copyright laws and academic integrity policies make copying the work of another a serious offense; the only difference between the two is that copyright law seeks to protect the work of its creator for financial reasons, while academic integrity policies are most often designed simply to dissuade or punish students that copy the work of others. Technology has taking cheating to a level previously unknown in education.   The Internet offers students the ability to copy and paste information into a paper, whether a phrase, a paragraph, or a doctoral thesis. While some students are aware that they are plagiarizing, there are equal amounts that simply do not understand the rules of plagiarism.   According to author Sean Price, the rules of plagiarism are not always clear-cut: â€Å"Many younger writers make this mistake because they don’t understand plagiarism’s ground rules. And learning these rules can be confusing†¦ It’s OK to borrow a well-known phrase, like ‘To be or not to be’ and not cite its source. Someone could start a story with, ‘To be or not to be on the swim team.’ That’s simply putting a twist on a famous line, not pretending it’s yours† (Price, 2005, p. 17).   Some students also borrow too heavily from a source without meaning to, but ignorance is not an acceptable excuse for lack of academic integrity. And, for every student who plagiarizes accidentally, there are many more who do so intentionally.   For both the unintentional copiers and the deliberate plagiarists, academic policies such as those employed at UMUC attempt to illuminate what is acceptable and what is not. How to cite Copyright Law and University Policy, Essays

Transformational leadership on organization - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Transformational leadership on the organization. Answer: Overview The study aims to provide research proposal on the role of strategic leadership to promote innovative practices in public sector by providing insight on Abu Dhabi vision 2030. Strategic leadership has been the key vital factor for promoting innovative practices in the public sector and strengthening their performance (Aarons and Sommerfeld 2012). It is defined as the process of transforming the company through its mission, vision based on the assessment of evaluation of internal as well as external factors including business culture, climate, structure etc. Leaders in the public sector usually face huge challenges owing to bureaucratic leadership styles and lack of proper management practices. Debatably, several roles of strategic leadership offer strategies in order to sustain the performance outcome of public sector. One of the vital role of strategic leader helps in determining the companys vision s well as develop strategic direction that involves its whole component (Bin Taher, Krotov and Silva 2015). In the public sector, creating strategic directions for long term mainly demands improvement of strategic management process. The public sector in Abu Dhabi will receive benefit in the year 2030 if the leaders in this sector implements proper strategy and adapt their thinking as well as approach in promoting innovative practices. Brown and Osborne (2012) opines that the leaders in the public sector in UAE focuses mainly on the long term strategy as well as the creative process for building vision in 2030. The Abu Dhabi Vision 2030 set outs in examining present business environment as well as identify key strength that can be improved and the sector that should be improved for further economic as well as competitive potential (Vaccaro 2012). The UAE vision 2030 aims to bring about world integration and achieve effective transformation in the economy. This can be attained by widening the public sector, enlarging enterprise base and developing external markets. Research Questions The research questions are framed based on the above research proposal, which are given below; Will strategic leadership help in improving the financial performance of the public sector in Abu Dhabi in 2030? Will strategic leadership help to promote innovative practices in public sector in Abu Dhabi in 2030? Can the leaders in public sector adopting proper strategy aid to establish balanced company performance controls? Does implementation of innovative practices through strategic leadership concept creates challenges in the public sector? Literature Review Strategic leadership plays vital role in creating innovation culture in the public sector for achieving change in delivery system in public service. Carter and Greer (2013) states that before vision 2030, the restructuring of UAE government involved merger of various organizations in the public sector for improving both coordination as well as efficiency. According to this vision 2030, this nation will build globally integrated, efficient and effective business environment by streamlining government processes as well as business investment. In fact, the leaders in the public sector of this nation will adopt proper strategies in order to promote innovative initiatives at current vibrant business working conditions. In addition, application of strategic leadership framework will also help the public sector to expand the stages of their strategic management in four different ways, which includes- Promote the involvement of the employees for creating the strategies Map or design the business vision publicly Empower the followers to lead Push concrete networking as well as action It has opined by Donate and de Pablo (2013) that, proper strategic leadership can be used as an instrument for aligning business strategy as well as human resource (HR) practices in the organization. In the present century and age of competitive environment, it is important that the public sector should implement innovative practices as well as advanced technology for producing creative product as well as services. In this nation, there have huge pace towards innovation within the public sector that actively promotes introduction of commodity or service, e-services, innovation of time as well as cost reduction. An insight of Abu Dhabis vision 2030 highlights that the government of UAE adopts program for the public sector innovation in order to provide training to the leaders of this sector. For this program, strategic leadership plays important role in creating workshops, training activities etc. This in turn helps in enhancing innovation culture in the public sector company. It has been found by Elenkov, Judge and Wright (2015) that, strategic leadership also helps in enhancing human capital through improvement in training, education, and other ways to improve employability of nationals as well as competitiveness of workforce. Human capital mainly relates to individuals skills as well as knowledge in the company. Joyce (2016) states that, in order to develop and align with the companys strategy as well as culture, the leaders in the public sector should adopt proper strategic framework. The vision of UAE 2030 highlights that, the government of Abu Dhabi has announced long term plan for transforming this economy, which includes reducing reliance on oil sector or other public sector as source of economic activities and more focus on knowledge based sector. As emphasized by Ryan and Tipu (2013), strategic leadership will help in improving their financial performance of the public sector through their innovative practices. This in turn will aid them in achieving this vision. In addition, leadership issues are usually encountered in the public sector that mainly occurs from lack of experience to implement this new vision outlined by the federal government of UAE. From certain evidence, it has been seen that leaders of many departments in public sector can encounter several problems owing to lack of experience in the employees. However, inexperience in managementof different department can also lead to failure of implementing innovative practices within the sector. Theref ore, as viewed Latham (2013) that the organizations that are steered by the strategic leaders are highly successful in accomplishing objectives of the public sector in long run. Phipps (2016) observes that UAE is vigorously operating to promote innovation practices in the public sector through policies as well as targeted initiatives. Moreover, strategic leadership will play key role to promote innovation practices within the education and telecommunication sector in this nation. The players in the telecommunication sector will be well-positioned to improve this nations innovation ecosystem development goals by applying their experience in technical field and commercializing innovation. It has been stated by Mansour (2012) that, as education sector is one of the most important public sector, advanced education system paves the way for social development as well as future progress of the country. However, advanced educational system will always improve this countrys capacity to create as well as innovate. Recent evidences reflects that this country is constantly enhancing their educational strategy in order to assure that programs developed in their schools m eet with the international standards. Phipps (2012) opines that, strategic leadership in the education sector will help higher educational institute to expand globally and strike international partnerships. Furthermore, the innovative practices that strategic leadership will aid this sector to promote are introduction of innovative teaching methods as well as techniques like smart learning. It has been evident in UAE vision 2030 that the government of this nation will build sustainable knowledge based economy. In order to so, the leaders in this public sector should also need to foster strategic innovative practices, which includes critical thinking and proper communication. Research Methodology This specific research study will be done based on available information or the data, which will be collected from the secondary resources (House et al. 2013). The secondary sources from which the data will be gathered include- peer reviewed journals, websites, books, journal articles, magazines etc. After collecting the data from secondary sources, the researcher will correlate this data with current research topic that aligns with role of strategic leadership to promote innovative practices in the public sector by providing insight into Abu Dhabi Vision 2030. Research process Research process refers to the synchronized procedure of gathering information that aligns with the current research study. This process will help the researcher to pick up relevant attributes in order to make research on the present study. The researcher will define the present research idea that aligns with the topic on the role of strategic leadership in promoting innovative practices within the public sector by providing insight on UAEs vision 2030. Research philosophy Research philosophy aids the researcher to classify research principle by utilizing the facet of the current research study. There are basically four major types of research philosophy, which includes- positivism, pragmatism, realism and interpretivism. Positivism explains about the scientific data collection and positive reality that is acquired from empirical evidence. According to this philosophy, the data gathered is usually interpreted by utilizing proper logic and reason, which forms the source of knowledge. Interpretivism philosophy signifies the approach that considers individuals emotional side in future course of action. It is mainly associated to idealism and is used by applying qualitative research. Realism philosophy indicates the philosophy that relies upon the reality facet, which is independent of perceptions as well as beliefs (Panneerselvam 2014). Pragmatism philosophy aids the researcher to assess the theories used in the research in form of realistic application. In this research study, the researcher will be using interpretivism philosophy while conducting the research as qualitative research will be utilized for gathering the information. Research Design Research design depicts the strategy that the researcher implements for amalgamating different components of the study in logical manner. It will also help the researcher to analyze different variables of the current research problem. There are three basic types of research design including- exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. Exploratory research design facilitates the researcher to explore as well as examine the condition for providing insight about the research topic. Explanatory research design aids the researcher in analyzing the things coming in collective manner. On the other hand, descriptive research design indicates the design where the researcher attempts in exploring as well as explaining the matters relating to this study. For this specific research study, the researcher will use exploratory research design in order to analyze the role of strategic leadership to promote innovative practices in the public sector in UAE by considering insight about UAE 2030. Research Approach Research approach helps the researcher in devising the plan that is required for doing this particular research. There are mainly two major categories of research approach that includes- Inductive and Deductive research method. Deductive approach indicates the approach that is mainly concerned with developing hypothesis that is based on existing theories. It is also concerned with testing hypothesis for planning and formulating the research study. The result obtained from testing of hypothesis is further examined by the researcher for either accepting or rejecting it (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). This approach usually deals with the qualitative data. On the other hand, inductive approach signifies the research approach that basically begins with specific observations followed by detection of patterns. In this type of approach, the researcher collects data and then analyzes its patterns for creating new theory. It also uses the observations for developing general principles about the particular research study. For this research study, the researcher will be using deductive approach for focusing on the role of strategic leadership to promote innovative practices in UAEs public sector by providing insight on their vision 2030 that is based on the existing theories. The researcher will choose this research approach as it requires less time to complete this study and reduces the risk while conducting this research study. Research Method Research method depicts various types of data that the researcher considers while conducting this research study. There are two types of research method such as quantitative and qualitative method. Quantitative method mainly emphasizes statistical analysis of the data through surveys, computational techniques and questionnaires (Panneerselvam 2014). The researcher integrating this method facilitates in defining research questions in which its objectives are clearly stated. On the other hand, qualitative methods differ using either unstructured or semi-structured methods. In this type of research method, the researcher usually collects data from secondary sources that include journals, websites, newspapers, magazines etc. For this particular research study, the researcher will implement qualitative research method as the data will be gathered from the secondary sources (Silverman 2016). The researcher will usually adopt this method as it helps the researcher to cover the problems and analyze it in easier way. Furthermore, it will also benefit the researcher to design the researcher in proper way owing to availability of data and other findings. Sometimes the researcher might face few problems regarding anonymity and confidentiality during collection of data. Ethical Issues Every researcher should abide by the research principles while conducting any research study. However, it is also vital for every researcher to consider ethical issues while formulating and examining research plan. They should also follow particular code of conduct for conducting the study in ethical way. As this specific research study relies on secondary data, the researcher will collect valid information from reliable sources including websites, journal articles etc. The data collection from reliable sources will help the researcher avoid any type of discrepancies. Outcomes The research outcome will be able to depict that strategic leadership will play vital role in promoting innovative practices in the public sector as evident from the Abu Dhabi vision 2030. The research outcome will also reflect that introduction of innovative practices through strategic leadership will improve the financial performance of the public sector as evident from the UAE vision 2030. It will also help the public sector in this nation expand globally. The result will also show that strategic leadership will help in establishing balanced entity performance controls in the public sector. Although innovative practices promoted by strategic leadership improve the performance of the public sector, they might face certain challenges regarding adoption of innovative practices. Timescale Sequential Activities/ Period Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 4 Week 5 6 Overview about the topic Designing the research proposal Literature review Collection and Interpretation of data obtained Process of publication Conclusion and Recommendation The analysis of various types of findings has been take into account from the background of literature, literature review and interpretation techniques used in research questions. It has been evident from the UAE vision 2030 that the government of this nation will expand the public sector by introducing innovative practices. However, this vision will be fulfilled if the leaders in the public sector adopt proper strategy in promoting these innovative practices. As innovation practices in the public sector are difficult to implement, it is recommended that the public sector should hire knowledgeable and efficient leaders in order to implement proper strategy. References Aarons, G.A. and Sommerfeld, D.H., 2012. Leadership, innovation climate, and attitudes toward evidence-based practice during a statewide implementation.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,51(4), pp.423-431. Bin Taher, N.A., Krotov, V. and Silva, L., 2015. A framework for leading change in the UAE public sector.International Journal of Organizational Analysis,23(3), pp.348-363. Brown, K. and Osborne, S.P., 2012.Managing change and innovation in public service organizations. Routledge. Carter, S.M. and Greer, C.R., 2013. Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,20(4), pp.375-393. Donate, M.J. and de Pablo, J.D.S., 2015. The role of knowledge-oriented leadership in knowledge management practices and innovation.Journal of Business Research,68(2), pp.360-370. Elenkov, D.S., Judge, W. and Wright, P., 2015. Strategic leadership and executive innovation influence: an international multi?cluster comparative study.Strategic Management Journal,26(7), pp.665-682. Fernandez, S. and Moldogaziev, T., 2012. Using employee empowerment to encourage innovative behavior in the public sector.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,23(1), pp.155-187. Garca-Morales, V.J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M.M. and Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L., 2012. Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation.Journal of business research,65(7), pp.1040-1050. House, R.J., Dorfman, P.W., Javidan, M., Hanges, P.J. and de Luque, M.F.S., 2013.Strategic leadership across cultures: GLOBE study of CEO leadership behavior and effectiveness in 24 countries. Sage Publications. Joyce, P., 2016.Strategic Leadership in the Public Sector. Taylor Francis. Latham, J.R., 2013. A framework for leading the transformation to performance excellence part I: CEO perspectives on forces, facilitators, and strategic leadership systems.Quality Management Journal, 20 (2),22. Low, L., 2012.Abu Dhabi's Vision 2030: An Ongoing Journey of Economic Development. World Scientific. Mansour, A.M., 2012. Policies and Experiments of Excellence and Innovation in the United Arab Emirates Public Sector. Inproceedings of the 6th Quality Conference, Dubai, January(Vol. 31). Phipps, K.A., 2012. Spirituality and strategic leadership: The influence of spiritual beliefs on strategic decision making.Journal of business ethics,106(2), pp.177-189. Ryan, J.C. and Tipu, S.A., 2013. Leadership effects on innovation propensity: A two-factor full range leadership model.Journal of Business Research,66(10), pp.2116-2129. Sgouridis, S., Griffiths, S., Kennedy, S., Khalid, A. and Zurita, N., 2013. A sustainable energy transition strategy for the United Arab Emirates: Evaluation of options using an Integrated Energy Model.Energy Strategy Reviews,2(1), pp.8-18. Srensen, E. and Torfing, J., 2012. Introduction: Collaborative innovation in the public sector.Innovation Journal,17(1), pp.1-14. Vaccaro, I.G., Jansen, J.J., Van Den Bosch, F.A. and Volberda, H.W., 2012. Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), pp.28-51. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons.

Legal and Ethical Implications for Classroom Management free essay sample

Discipline is one of the greatest challenges that face today’s educators. Administrators and teachers must determine what types of discipline are effective and how to prevent student misconduct. Teachers and administrators must familiarize themselves with ethical and legal issues and requirements when developing and implanting disciplinary procedures. Getting to the Bottom of Discipline at Your Childs School Most issues regarding the safety of students and discipline are addressed at the school level. The consequences that are given for misbehavior can vary widely from school to school, although there are some actions and behaviors that require mandatory expulsion. Schools are required to provide a written notice of the school rules and disciplinary procedures to both the students and the parents. It is the responsibility of the school board to establish school discipline rules that align with the state and federal laws. School boards are also responsible for adopting policies and regulation regarding bullying, sexual harassment and other student safety issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal and Ethical Implications for Classroom Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page State law requires that the school district and county offices provide off site education services to students that are expelled. The Education Code requires that in certain situations, schools must report students to law enforcement agencies. This includes acts of violence towards school employees, possession and/or use of weapon, and possession of a controlled substance. (Great Schools Staff, 2012) IDEA’s Regulations on Discipline It is important that school administrators are aware of the educational and legal issues that are involved in managing the behavior of students who have disabilities. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) outlines the steps that must be taken when disciplining students with disabilities. The IDEA ensures that all students with special needs are provided a free appropriate public education. IDEA requires that a team of professionals describe what must be provided to the student in an Individualized Education Program (IEP). The student’s education and related services must be provided in the least restrictive environment possible. The school must ensure that their policies and procedures regarding the discipline of students with disabilities are aligned with the IDEA’s regulations. Under the IDEA schools have the authority to consider unique circumstances when it comes to making decisions on how to discipline students with disabilities. If a school makes the decision to remove a student with disabilities from their educational placement parents must be notifies in writing the same day that the decision is made. If the disciplinary action lasts ten school days or less the school is not required to provide special education services to the student during this time. For disciplinary actions lasting more than ten days the school is required by law to provide special education services to students which will allow the student to make adequate progress towards meeting the outlined goals and objectives of the students IEP. The IDEA also requires that schools ask and answer particular question to determine if the student’s misconduct is associated with their disability; it is no longer just assumed as it has been in the past. This ensures that schools are following the correct procedures when it comes to the discipline of students with disabilities, and make more options available to the school regarding discipline. Because sometimes a student’s misconduct can be a result of their disability is important that that each situation is thoroughly evaluated before determining what steps to take regarding discipline. If the misconduct continues in most cases there will be an IEP meeting to develop a behavior modification plan for the student. (National dissemination center,†) Zero Tolerance and Alternative Strategies: A Fact Sheet for Educators and Policymakers Zero Tolerance policy can be defined as a policy that mandates a set of predetermined, typically severe, consequences or punishments, associated with extreme misconduct. Most often this policy addresses controlled substances, weapons, violence, and other forms of disruptions in an effort to protect students and maintain a safe and positive environment at school. Although many teachers and administrators have found zero tolerance policies to be effective because the policy sends a clear and consistent message that particular behaviors will not be allowed at school, research indicates that there are also many negative results of the implantation of the zero tolerance policy such as increased student drop out. The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) suggests that other discipline strategies that are proven to be more effective be implemented in today’s schools. According to data from the U. S. Department of Education and the Center for Safe and Responsive Schools, 75% of schools currently have a zero tolerance policy in place for serious offenses of misconduct. Disciplinary actions that are mandated with the zero tolerance policy usually include the student being removed from their normal education setting; such as being suspended or expelled. The NASP also states that zero tolerance policies can be costly and in the long rum ineffective. There can be negative results when removing a student from an educational setting and placing them in an environment where they may have limited supervision, if the misconduct does not pose a direct threat to students and administers. There are also legal and ethical dilemmas when it comes to the denial of education services to a student. There have been many legal actions taken against school district because parents believe that consequences did not fit the misconduct. (Zero tolerance and, 2001) For instance an eighth grade honor roll student was expelled and sent to a four month boot camp for bringing a 20oz bottle of soda to school in which she mixed a very small amount of alcohol which violated the school’s zero tolerance policy for alcohol. (Rutherford, 2012) It is also believed that the policy may be enforced with bias and there is not any room for flexibility when it comes to making decisions. The NASP recommends that schools put forth a greater effort to prevent these acts of misconduct, and utilize their mental health experts such as school psychologists, school counselors and community social workers. (Zero tolerance and, 2001) Although I agree that serious and dangerous acts of misconduct must be addressed with firm and consistent consequences; I also feel that many of the acts of misconduct addressed by the zero tolerance policy can be addressed more effectively with alternative forms of discipline. I also feel that schools could work more effectively to prevent these behaviors by developing and implementing emotional and behavior intervention programs for students, violence prevention programs, and additional training for teachers and administrators. Benson Middle School Disciplinary Policy: Student Rights and Responsibilities The development of the policies and procedures of the Benson Unified School District (BUSD) are the responsibility of the superintendent of the school and the school board. The policies must be aligned with A. R. S. 15-843; Arizona’s pupil disciplinary proceedings. The disciplinary policy of the BUSD states that students are entitled to enjoy all basic rights of citizenship that are recognized and protected by the state of Arizona and the United States. Students rights include, voicing opinion without fear of reprisal, receive a meaningful education and curriculum, and the opportunity to participate in school function and activities. Non- medical use, possession, or sale of drugs on school property is prohibited. If a student violates this policy they may be subject to removal from school property and be prosecuted in accordance with the law. A student that has been determined to have threatened an educational institution will be expelled from school for a time period of at least on year. The district may modify this expulsion on a case by case basis, and may allow the student to return to an alternative educational setting should they feel that steps have been taken to rehabilitate the student’s misconduct. The school prohibits the possession of a weapon on school property. Any student who violates this policy will be removed from the school property for a period of not less than one year. Disciplinary actions involving students with disabilities will be determined on a case by case basis. The disciplinary policy for minor infractions of misconduct is structured by a point system. Each infraction and various levels of misconduct earn different amounts of points. These points are accumulated throughout the year. After a student reaches a particular number of points they student risks losing privileges. The students may be placed in detention, in school suspension, out of school suspension, or in extreme cases expelled. The student may lose the privilege to participate in school sponsored sports and other extracurricular activities. The school provides students with opportunities to reduce points such as completing all assigned work, or showing random acts of kindness. (Benson school: Student/parent, 2012) All of the disciplinary policies and procedures are provide to parents and students at the beginning of each school year. Both the parents and students are required to acknowledge that they have read and understand the information by signing and returning to school. It is the responsibility of the students to ensure that take advantage of educational opportunities that are available to them, are respectful and follow school rules while on school property. It is the responsibility of the parents to ensure that their students are completing assigned classwork to their best of their ability, taking advantage of educational opportunities that are available to them, and reinforcing positive behaviors that will promote a positive learning experience for their student. It is the responsibility of the teachers and administrators to ensure that they create a positive learning environment where all students feel safe and comfortable, they develop and implement preventative programs, and that all disciplinary policies and procedures are enforced. It is well know that a student’s leaning is negatively impacted in an environment that is poorly managed. Teachers must take the necessary steps to develop an environment that promotes consistency, respect and equality. As a teacher I will do my best to promote a learning environment where my students will feel safe and comfortable. I will encourage the sharing of ideas, collaboration between students, and open communication. I will work to motivate and engage my students through lessons and curriculum that they will find interesting and are able to relate to. I will be an active participant in finding and developing solutions for student misbehavior, and will work with parents, students, administrators and the community to ensure that all of my students receive an equal opportunity to receive a meaningful education, and that my students take advantage of the educational opportunities that are available to them Legal and Ethical Implications for Classroom Management free essay sample Today’s classrooms are more dynamic than ever before. Educational needs of students are changing at breakneck speeds, along with the demands being placed on their teachers. There are associated legal and ethical implications that are evolving as rapidly as the technology that is driving a lot of the change. In order to have a chance to meet the needs of students and legal/ethical obligations, educators must have well developed classroom management techniques. These can get tricky quite often and require balancing the increasingly diverse needs of many different people. To be an effective teacher today is extremely difficult for these reasons. This essay will examine some of the current issues that teachers are exposed to in today’s classrooms by summarizing four journal articles and responding to them. The specific issues will be free speech and what it means in a school setting, cell phones in classrooms, bullying (specifically of students with disabilities), and gender specific dress codes. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal and Ethical Implications for Classroom Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Freedom of Speech The issue addressed in the first article summary is freedom of speech and how it is interpreted in a public school setting in relation to the distribution of religious materials. This is really not a new topic of debate. Current precedents have been set in court cases dating as far back as1969 and the Tinker vs. Desmoines case. In that case, the court decision reads that, in order to prohibit any students’ expression of opinion, the school must provide evidence to support the fact that the actions being suppressed would be significantly disruptive (Essex, 2006). Because it is an issue of ongoing debate there are cases still being heard all over the country. This article is specifically in response to a case in the New York Supreme Court, where a student was prohibited from distributing religious fliers on school property. The question is, why was the student prevented from expressing her opinion in the first place. According to Essex (2006), one of the requirements placed on schools is that they remain viewpoint neutral. This means that if the literature was suppressed because it was religious in nature, the suppression violated her First Amendment rights, even in the school setting. In all court cases, the real message has been that schools are responsible for making sure parents and students are aware that the schools are merely sending messages indiscriminately from religious and non-secular sources and that they are not in support of any of them (Essex, 2006). Really the essence of the article is that sound policies must be in place, well documented, and consistently followed for a school to be able to regulate what a student says or distributes and there must be no endorsement of any particular ideas from any group or student. Cell phones The next topic of discussion is cell phones in classrooms. The article being summarized is entitled The Only Thing We Have to Fear is†¦120 Characters. In this article, Kevin Thomas and Christy McGee (2012) make arguments for the use of cellphones in classrooms in spite of the fact that 69% have banned them. This paper responds to the many reasons for disallowing their use, and then it goes on to highlight some ideas about why cell phones should be used as educational tools. Both sides of the discussion certainly make valid points. If 69% schools have taken students cell phones away, there must be some reasons. Thomas Mcgee (2012) identified and responded to four commonly offered rationales, including misuse for cheating, replacing Standard English with textese, sexting, and cyberbulling. It seems rather obvious that these are negative side effects of the technology, however there are also positive results that can be attributed to the use of cell phones. Today, they are relatively affordable and powerful miniature computers. When used properly, the possibilities for better use of time are astonishing. According to Thomas and McGee (2012), teachers need to be modeling appropriate behavior with their portable electronic devices and taking advantage of the benefits because the technology is not the cause of the problems. The problems being associated with cell phones all existed in some form, long before modern technology. Thomas Diamates (2010) reports that courts have supported schools in their efforts to ban cell phone use as long as the school follow established procedures. Bullying The third topic has to do with bullying, specifically students with disabilities. These students stand out in the classroom, as they are â€Å"different† and so they are subjects of increased abuse from fellow students (Eckes and Gibbs, 2012). Schools and teachers have an obligation to provide students with disabilities a free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2004). This paper looks at the findings in several court cases to establish what is required of teachers in situations where students with disabilities are being bullied. What this article shows is that there are an increasing number of suits against school where disabled children are being bullied. The interpretation of what is considered an appropriate education, and whether or not the school took proper preventative/disciplinary steps in light of the bullying are the reasons for these suits. The findings of this study provide evidence that the courts will generally side with schools that have taken and documented actions to alleviate the harassment. In Brown vs. Monroe County Board of Education (1999), the Supreme Court ruled that for a school to be liable, it must receive federal funds, it must have been aware of and acted â€Å"deliberately indifferent† to the harassment, and the bullying must have been severe enough to deprive educational opportunity (Eckes and Gibbs, 2012). Basically, schools must make an adequate effort to alleviate the harassment in order to limit their liability, and this has been upheld by the courts in cases like Werth v. Board of Directors (2007), and Biggs v. Board of Education (2002). Dress codes The last article on the list takes a look at how and why public schools can or cannot implement gender based dress codes. Proponents of dress codes list reasons including less distractions, less pressure to dress right, safety, and lower cost to families. Opponents say that dress codes take away students expressive rights, which are already severely limited in school settings. In this particular case, Ceara Sturgis had her picture and name removed from her senior yearbook because she is a lesbian who was more comfortable wearing the school prescribed male outfit. The current question is whether or not this is in violation of her civil liberties. Historically the courts have upheld the rights of schools to implement dress codes with very few exceptions. In Blau v. Fort Thomas Public School District (2005), a father brought suit against the school for violating 1st and 14th amendment rights with their dress code. The court found no violation of rights since â€Å"it is not related to suppression of the content of expression, it furthers a substantial government interest, and it does not burden substantially more speech than is necessary to further that interest† (Dowling-Sender, p. 34, 2005). On the other side of the coin, in United States vs. Virginia (1996), schools were required to show a â€Å"legitimate and important† reason for any gender based restrictions (Smith, 2012). In Ceara’s case, the school is going to have to show that it meets all these criteria, and the outcome has some potentially far reaching consequences. What all this means is that teaching in todays classrooms must be dynamic. Teachers need to be aware of their ever-changing legal and ethical obligations as educators. Decisions must be based on sound judgment and carefully documented observations. Teachers, students, and parents must work together and communicate with each other to create the best possible learning environment for everyone.

Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Vs. Tom Sawyer

In the novel, Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Twain uses a contrast of characters to bring out the Society vs. Freedom aspect of the novel through the two characters of Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. Tom Sawyer, throughout the novel, uses rules and what is "always done in the books" to control how he and Huck do things. On the other hand, Huck goes for the simple things that help him and come the easiest to him when planning things out. In the beginning of the novel Tom tries to start a band of robbers and brings all of his gang to a secret hide-out to sort out the details and rules that they would abide by. Tom Sawyer is always telling his little gang how they have to follow the books that he has read `cause that is how it is done and it would not be right to do otherwise. For example, When Tom brings up the act of ransoming people, and none of the boys know what that is, they agree that they probably should take it out of the oath. Tom disagrees and says, "Why blame it all, we've got to do it. Don't I tell you it's in the books? Do you want to go to doing things different than what's in the books, and get things all muddled up?" (12). Since all the boys want to follow Tom, they keep in the part about ransoming even though they do not know exactly what it is. This brings out Tom's character as a boy that follows the rules very clearly and tries to be like society. Also, when he tells Huck about the Arabs with all the jewels, elephants, and camels that they are going to go attack and they end up in a Sunday school picnic, Tom tries to tell Huck that they were hidden by Genies because Tom uses his imagination and romanticism. Huck tries really hard to believe him but he just cannot, and ends up just asking a lot of questions. Finally when Tom cannot answer any more he just says to Huck, "Shucks, it ain't no use to talk to you, Huck Finn. You don't seem to know anything, somehow-perfect slap head" (18). ... Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Vs. Tom Sawyer Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Vs. Tom Sawyer In the novel, Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Twain uses a contrast of characters to bring out the Society vs. Freedom aspect of the novel through the two characters of Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. Tom Sawyer, throughout the novel, uses rules and what is "always done in the books" to control how he and Huck do things. On the other hand, Huck goes for the simple things that help him and come the easiest to him when planning things out. In the beginning of the novel Tom tries to start a band of robbers and brings all of his gang to a secret hide-out to sort out the details and rules that they would abide by. Tom Sawyer is always telling his little gang how they have to follow the books that he has read `cause that is how it is done and it would not be right to do otherwise. For example, When Tom brings up the act of ransoming people, and none of the boys know what that is, they agree that they probably should take it out of the oath. Tom disagrees and says, "Why blame it all, we've got to do it. Don't I tell you it's in the books? Do you want to go to doing things different than what's in the books, and get things all muddled up?" (12). Since all the boys want to follow Tom, they keep in the part about ransoming even though they do not know exactly what it is. This brings out Tom's character as a boy that follows the rules very clearly and tries to be like society. Also, when he tells Huck about the Arabs with all the jewels, elephants, and camels that they are going to go attack and they end up in a Sunday school picnic, Tom tries to tell Huck that they were hidden by Genies because Tom uses his imagination and romanticism. Huck tries really hard to believe him but he just cannot, and ends up just asking a lot of questions. Finally when Tom cannot answer any more he just says to Huck, "Shucks, it ain't no use to talk to you, Huck Finn. You don't seem to know anything, somehow-perfect slap head" (18). ...

Is Neglecting Your Physical Well-Being Affecting Your Work Productivity

Is Neglecting Your Physical Well-Being Affecting Your Work Productivity This week I learned the importance of exercise in my work productivity. A top business strategist, Tony Jeary, was asked in the August 2017 edition of Success Magazine for some quick leadership tips. The person asking owned a company that had just expanded from a two-person startup to a ten-person operation. He claimed to have â€Å"no management experience.† I expected answers like learn everything you can about management, listen to your employees, create a clear mission and vision, and commit to your personal growth. I expected him to warn against errors like the ones I wrote about last week in The 9 Biggest Mistakes a Leader Can Make. Jeary gave four pieces of advice. And while three of his answers were along the lines I had anticipated, I was surprised that this one made the top four: â€Å"Take care of yourself. Eat well, sleep enough and exercise regularly.† The â€Å"exercise regularly† part stood out for me in particular. This is great advice for everyone, whether you’re expanding a company from two to ten, or you’re an entry-level employee, a CEO, the owner of a start-up, or somewhere in between. A Harvard Business Review article went so far as to claim that Regular Exercise is Part of Your Job because of its mental benefits (improved concentration, sharper memory, faster learning, prolonged mental stamina, enhanced creativity, and lower stress). And exercise is especially important as a job seeker. It will bring structure and energy to your day, which is key to a successful, productive job search. All it takes is a quick Google search to see at least one recruiter’s assertion that exercise is one of the most important parts of the job search. Excusing vs. Exercising Most of us know the advantages of regular exercise: It eases stress, increases work productivity, reduces sick days, boosts confidence, improves sleep, gives you energy, and releases positive, mood-enhancing chemicals into your brain that ward off anxiety and depression. Some of these benefits are outlined in an article from Livestrong.com, How Does Exercise Improve Work Productivity? Who wouldn’t want all those benefits? Yes, we know we could have them, and we want them! But knowing is not doing, and many of us regularly make up excuses rather than take care of our bodies. â€Å"I need to sleep!† â€Å"I have to work.† â€Å"I have to make lunch for the kids.† â€Å"I have a cold.† â€Å"My back hurts.† Or simply, â€Å"I don’t feel like it.† I grew up with a condition that makes me prone to breaking bones, and I was taught that daily exercise was essential to minimizing fractures. Believe it or not, I internalized that advice, and have exercised daily for as long as I can remember. For the past 20 years or so I have done yoga or gone swimming almost every day, with a few phases of walking or working out when injuries prevented me from my go-to activities. But here’s the catch: I wasn’t lifting weights almost ever, or doing much walking or jumping – the impact activities that truly increase bone density. My excuse? â€Å"I’m in shape.† â€Å"I already spend an hour exercising every day.† â€Å"I don’t have time to do everything!† Then, three weeks ago, on an impulse, I started an intensive fitness program that entails weight lifting, ball throwing, tire flipping, jumping in various ways, and other muscle-building, bone-building activities. I have managed to fit in these workouts five days/week, and somehow still to get everything done that I have needed to for my business. I’ve built muscle and lost some extra pounds without changing what I eat. Plus, I have been in a better mood and made more sales than I did in the weeks before I started this program. Coincidence? Probably not. What would inspire you to prioritize exercise, if you’re not doing so already? What motivated me to make this change was that I got a substantial gift certificate for a well-reputed program, and I love a good deal. I was also curious to find out more about my body composition and to see if I could bring it to a more ideal balance. I started the program and liked how I felt in my body so much that I kept going, way more often than I expected. I like the attention and encouragement I get from the trainers, and I look forward to seeing them each day. And my numbers have been going in the right direction, which for me is very motivating. What is it for you? Is there a type of movement you enjoy? Is it walking, running, biking, dancing, swimming, lifting weights? If you’re a social person, would having a workout buddy help? Maybe even a different buddy each day? What about working out as a family activity? Would you show up to a group exercise class (Zumba or Water Zumba anyone?) if you put it on your schedule? If not, what if you paid in advance and would lose your fee if you ditched the class? Maybe the option of multitasking would make the difference for you. If you have work calls to make, can you make them from the treadmill? Maybe you could answer emails while on a stationary bike or elliptical machine. If you love listening to music, exercise time could be your opportunity to get lost in your favorite tunes. Or if there are shows you like to watch, perhaps you could watch them from a home exercise room. Exercising can also be a form of meditation – swimming plays that role for me, and I know others who walk to clear their minds. So if you’re not making time to meditate, at least make time to exercise! Some people will get into gear for a competition. There are lots of opportunities for that, whether it’s a marathon, a charity walk, run or ride, or a friendly competition between friends (in person or using a fitness app). For more ideas, see 29 Ways to Get Motivated to Work Out. I like some of these! Or check out the 25 Best Fitness Apps of 2017 for some technological support on your fitness goals. And please share your experience†¦ Do you notice a difference in your work productivity when you exercise regularly? What’s working for you?

The Covenants that God made with Noah, Abraham, Moses and David Essay

The Covenants that God made with Noah, Abraham, Moses and David - Essay Example A biblical covenant, however, is not one that is made between two equal parties. After reading the Bible, particularly the Old Testament, one would discover that it was always God who proposes that a covenant be made between Him and man. Apparently, this only proves that God is not one who simply imposes his decisions on man, regardless of the fact that these are always absolutely wise and infallible. The covenants show that He also respects the free will that he gifted man with. He may ask mankind to do things in his favor, but he also grants them privileges in return. Man, for his part, also gets some of his wishes from God, he also has to oblige to certain conditions explicitly stated by the Creator. There were instances though that God unconditionally enters into a covenant with man and this only proves that, unlike man, He can grant favors out of love and not out of the wish for benefits. The first most prominent covenant mentioned in the Bible is that between God and Noah. After the Great Deluge, in which He literally washed the earth to rid it of man’s wickedness, God made a promise to Noah. In Genesis 9:11, He said that he would never punish man by destroying the world with flood. To seal the covenant, God creates the rainbow and makes it the sign of a lasting covenant between Him and man. ... It basically repeated what God once agreed with Adam. The point here is that â€Å"if the relationship with Noah is a new beginning for the human race, picking up where Adam’s seed left off, so to speak, and if it can be explicitly referred to as a covenant, then it should be evident that the relationship with Adam in the garden was also a covenant.† (Smith 36) However, it is clear that the Noahic covenant is a more important indicator of the evolving relationship between God and man. It is in this pact that God manifests His love for mankind by promising not to impose harsh punitive measures. Man, for his part, must not violate the rules established by God. When God placed the rest of His creations under man’s care though, the covenant with Noah clearly governs non-human entities on earth. What is most prominent in the this covenant though is that while God promised never to flood the earth again out of love for his creation, man should also avoid committing act ions that are destructive or self-destructive in nature. While God also promised never to destroy the living creatures, He also granted man stewardship over His creation. God’s covenant with Abraham is different in the sense that it is here where the concept of chosen people is first introduced. In the covenant, God promised Abraham that his descendants would be as many as the stars in the sky. God also said that Abraham’s descendants would be his chosen people. He also defined the land which is to be called by His chosen people their own. On Abraham’s part, such favor is returned by simply remaining faithful to God and become a medium through which God’s kindness and generosity would flow to others as explained in Genesis 12:1-3. This covenant with Abraham

End of Cousre assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

End of Cousre - Assignment Example If the bank assets take a long time to sell or cannot be converted to cash with ease such as fixed assets they are considered to be illiquid. According to Melicher & Norton (2011), there are various factors that contribute to the liquidity of banks. Banks with a strong capital base can be able to effectively absorb risks associated with assets and ensure safety of depositors funds as well as maintain creditor confidence hence if a bank has a high amount of Tier 1 capital, it has a higher liquidity. Adequate liquidity also involves having a strong bank positive image. If depositors or creditors view the company negatively or suspect it does not have a sound liquidity, they will shun away from the bank and the effect is felt systematically throughout the financial market. The senior managers thus must devise efficient ways of managing liquidity risks so as to gain confidence from creditors and depositors. This can be achieved through offering quality customer services and being transpa rent in its activities by publishing reports. Positive bank image thus contributes to liquidity and vice versa as adequate liquidity ensures banks positive image (Melicher & Norton, 2011). According to Financial Services Authority (2008), asymmetric information can lead to speculation or uncertainty in the financial market regarding the banks creditworthiness and its true worth hence lead to loss in confidence by other banks who can lend it money to settle its debts and maintain liquidity and other creditors and depositors hence transparency is essential. Adequate liquidity also ensures the banks have reduced risk of asset sales at fire-sale prices (FSA, 2007). If a commercial bank wants to meet its obligations and has no assets that can be changed into cash in short time, it may result to selling its illiquid assets which are of high worth at low price leading to an imbalanced balance sheet or solvency. This has the effect of destabilizing the asset market hence influencing asset p rices thus the effect is felt in the whole market. Managing liquidity risks and having adequate liquidity prevents this from happening as a bank can take its time to convert the asset to cash without any loss. Maintaining adequate liquidity also ensures the bank does not hold a high stock of liquid assets as this increases its costs of mitigating risks. This may affect the banks competitiveness especially if other banks do not mitigate risk by maintaining high liquid assets hence run at low costs thus attracting depositors. Greuning & Bratanovic (2009:191) observe that adequate liquidity enables banks to â€Å"compensate for expected and unexpected balance sheet fluctuations and provide funds for growth†. It is also essential to have adequate liquidity as all financial transactions involve elements of liquidity. Liquidity problems have an effect on the whole financial system hence having adequate liquidity is important in maintaining the safety and solvency of commercial bank s. Capital Adequacy The availability of capital as well as its costs is essential in determining the soundness and safety of commercial banks (Greuning & Bratanovic, 2009). Capital adequacy standard is stipulated by Basel I and Basel II capital accords whereby commercial banks are supposed to ensure adequate amount of capital and reserves is maintained in order to guard the bank against solvency. According to Farid & Salahuddin (2006-2010), all countries are supposed to maintain a minimum regulatory

Psychological Basis Of Behavior Essay Example for Free

Psychological Basis Of Behavior Essay Until recently the causes of psychological disorders were not so clearly defined. Then advanced imaging techniques made it possible to see various areas of the brain and pinpoint areas that control behavior. It has been long known that the brain uses chemical messengers called neurotransmitters for signaling during its various processes. Advances in neuromedicine revealed that a lot of neurological and psychological disorders have a basis in imbalances between various neurotransmitters in the brain. Diseases like Parkinson’s, Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder are only a few where administering drugs that controlled levels of various neurotransmitters in the brain could control the disease symptoms and in some cases even provide a cure. Indeed, it was the discovery of these pharmacological agents that led to the discovery of newer agents that could control various neurological disorders by manipulating levels of neurotransmitters. Development of various drugs for schizophrenia was done on the basis of the fact that they had the ability to block dopamine receptors. In addition it was noticed that there was also an increased number of dopamine receptors present in these patients1. Similarly, in patients who suffered form Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) an abnormality in the neurotransmitter serotonin was implicated and it was shown that drug therapy that did not affect 5-HT receptors was ineffective in the treatment of OCD6. Parkinson’s disease like schizophrenia also is due to an abnormality in dopamine levels but in Parkinson’s dopamine levels become depleted4. Parkinson’s disease is a movement disorder caused by the depletion of dopamine produced in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain that is responsible for voluntary movements of the body11. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects 1% of the population. Its pathophysiology involves degeneration of substantia nigra. This portion is responsible for movements in the body. Various hypotheses have been proposed concerning the causes of the disease and include genetic factors, environmental factors and viruses. Amongst these genetic factors are considered the most important and mutations in various genes have been identified that are linked to Parkinson’s disease. Genes that have been implicated are PINK-1, DJ-1, and LRRK2 and it is thought that in addition to hereditary viruses and toxins are thought to cause theses mutations4. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a fine pin-rolling tremor of the hands, rigidity, bradykinesia, an expressionless face called a mask like face and a parkinsonian gait characterized by small steps and reduced swing of the arms. Additional symptoms may be present and include difficulty in chewing and swallowing, depression, fatigue, dementia, speech problems, constipation, urinary problems and orthostatic hypotension7. Symptoms vary from patient to patient and can also have drastic emotional consequences for the patient. Diagnosis is often difficult as there are no tests available and is usually made on history and examination of the nervous system. Various treatment options are available and are mainly aimed at increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain. These include Levodopa, which is a precursor of dopamine and the nerve cells use synthesize dopamine. Other drugs like bromocriptine, apomorphine and pramipexole act by imitating the activity of dopamine4. There is no definitive cure for this disease and the treatment is only symptomatic. Adjuvant therapy may be given to relieve symptoms such as depression. Schizophrenia is another disorder that is caused by an imbalance between dopamine levels. The difference is that high levels of dopamine are found and the disease has mainly psychiatric manifestations. The cause of schizophrenia still remains unknown and this has been hampered largely by the different subtypes of the disease presenting a large variety of symptoms and involving different areas of the brain. It is also a feature of diseases like Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease9. Schizophrenia is characterized by auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions in which the patient thinks that his thoughts are being controlled externally and paranoid behavior believing someone is poisoning him, disorders of movement, cognitive dysfunction and emotional symptoms such as lack of interest in surroundings and social withdrawal2. Newer research has suggested that people with schizophrenia may experience an inability to smell certain items suggesting a disorder in the orbitofrontal region of the brain and surprisingly this sensory deficit has also been found in patients with Parkinson’s disease10. Other studies indicate that abnormalities in the amygdalia a region of the brain dealing with psychological processes may cause schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders8. Though the cause is still doubtful it has been seen that schizophrenia runs in families thus suggesting a genetic factor. Environmental factors and trauma during birth have also been suggested as causative factors. In the past agents used to treat schizophrenia like chlorpromazine and haloperidol blocked both D1 and D2 receptors and caused extra pyramidal side effects2. But the newer agents like clozapine have a high affinity for D1 receptors and thus do not cause unwanted extrapyramidal side effects. Other agents that have fewer side effects are risperidone and olanzepine and are very effective in controlling symptoms. All of these agents act by reducing levels of dopamine in the brain thus enabling the control of symptoms. The genetic predisposition to schizophrenia is now widely known. Family history of mental ailments such as schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorders and depression, are a very strong indication and predisposition to developing schizophrenia. However, complex researches in the pattern of schizophrenic disorders among monozygotic twins have not been able to establish the full authenticity of the claim. The scientists claim that schizophrenia has been associated with the â€Å"shy gene† or 5-HTT gene. Currently, having a schizophrenic geneticity is only the first link; further development is dependant on other factors as well. (Schizophrenia. com, 2007)12 Many claim that there exists a link between schizophrenia and the environment. This is based on the fact that increased risk of schizophrenia within families cannot be singly attributed to the cause of it alone. The environmental factors that are thought to play an important role in causing schizophrenia include psychosocial, biological and physical factors, which are in effect from birth till maturity. It is now claimed that the interaction of the genetic and the social or environmental factors are very important in the development of disease in schizophrenic patients. (Tsuang, 2001) Many of the environmental effects that come into play do so in preterm and in early childhood. The highest contribution seems to be the state of labor, for example, hypoxia, CNS damage RH incompatibility of the mother and child etc. Also, other prenatal factors may include maternal depression, bereavement and flood and famine. Rubella infections and infections of the CNS are also thought to play a very important role in the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia. com, 2007)12 Obsessive-compulsive disorder is another psychiatric disorder that has at its cause an imbalance between neurotransmitters. In this case the neurotransmitter is serotonin. The areas of the brain thought to be involved in this disorder are the basal ganglia and the frontal lobe6. People with OCD have obsessional thoughts and t he compulsion to carry out those thoughts repeatedly3. Patients often have an awareness of their abnormal thought patterns and are distressed by them but are unable to control them. Common symptoms are patients exhibiting rituals and having unwanted thoughts and behavior patterns. Patients may have unwanted thoughts of a fear of germs or hurting someone called an obsession and compulsions are the acts of carrying out those obsessional thoughts like repeatedly washing and cleaning or repeatedly counting or checking things over and over again3. Sometimes it manifests in conjunction with other psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and depression. It often resolves when these disorders are treated. It has also been seen with diseases like Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s chorea6. This disorder usually starts in adolescence and the patient is usually aware that he has some psychiatric ailment. The etiology is uncertain but Obsessive-compulsive disorder also has a genetic component. Though environmental factors are also a major cause, head trauma has also been implicated in certain cases6. Various treatment options are available including behavioral therapy. Drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors act by delaying the uptake of serotonin into the neuron and thus prolonging it’s action. This controls the deficiency of serotonin thought to be involved in causing obsessional symptoms. Drugs that are being used include fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and clomipramine. Drug therapy used to treat other anxiety disorders is not effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder since it may not target the 5-HT receptors that are used by serotonin. Adams et al (2005)14 reported an up-regulation of serotonin receptors in caudate nuclei of OCD patients. Administration of SSRI drugs was tested in OCD patients. When untreated patients were compared with healthy normal individuals, it was found that cerebral 5-HT (2A) receptors binding were high in these patients. However, this difference was diminished when SSRI drug was administered to the patients. Different studies have reported that 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are most successful in treatment of OCD (Mansari Blier, 2006). This suggests serotonin depletion may be a vital cause of this disease. Normally, serotonin is actively involved in moderating flow of messages from orbital frontal cortex to thalamus via caudate nucleus. Various pharmacological studies have suggested 5-HT concentration in OFC is regulated by 5HT2 like receptors. SRI drugs modify 5-HT receptors regulation of serotonin and hence mostly used in treatment of OCD (Mansari Blier, 2006)15. Delgado and Moreno (1998)16 also reported that these drugs binding potency is related to hallucinogens. Pitterger et al (2006) reported that drugs that reduce elevated glutamate levels in brain might be effective in treatment of OCD. Pitterger et al (2006)17 suggested antiglutamatergic agent riluzole (Rilutek) play vital role in reducing glutamate hyperactivity in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry. Conclusion Overall a link has been found among various mental illnesses. This is evident by the fact that obsessive-compulsive disorder may be present in people who already have Schizophrenia or Parkinson’s disease. This overlap suggests that similar areas of the brain are involved in the etiology of these diseases and also that similar neurotransmitters may also be involved. Also interesting is the similarity in the deficiency in the sense of smell in both Parkinson’s and schizophrenia. As research progresses and advanced neuroimaging techniques become available it will become possible to interlink these diseases to one another. Special areas of interest may be the basal ganglia and the amygdalia as they are seen involved in a variety of neurological disorders. Parkinsons disease is a neurological disease, having a progressive nature. There are certain peculiar signs and symptoms that a Parkinson patient presents with; these include tremor, rigidity, akinesia or bradykinesia. Etiologically, Parkinsons disease is found in 1% of the population above 60 years of age. The ratio increases in people above 70 years of age. Although, also found in women, predominantly affects male gender. The role of environment in causing Parkinsonism is worth mentioning. Carbon mono-oxide and manganese, apart from certain pesticides play the major role in causing the disease. Parkinsonism among old aged people is idiopathic, but familial inheritance can be possible. A lot is not known about the role of genetics and inheritance of this disease, but occurrence in younger ages carries a higher probability of familial inheritance. It has been found that schizophrenia and Parkinson disease may share similarity by showing dysfunction of the prefrontal cortical areas of the brain. Also, both these conditions are the result or excess of deficiency of the levels of dopamine, which in turn dictates the treatment plan for such conditions. Similarly, patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease may show the presence of obsessive compulsive disorders, and the severity depends upon the length of the disease progression. The relation between these three conditions presenting in close relation with each other raise many questions about the progress of each disease, and whether treatments of each condition contain treatments for others as well. (Maia, 2003)13

High-Functioning Autism through Rain Man Essay example -- Neurology Di

High-Functioning Autism through Rain Man A man and his brother walk down the terminal in an airport. They engage in a heated argument over whether they should board an airplane for Los Angeles. The older brother complains about taking an airplane and fears for his life, telling his brother about the crashes that every airline has had. The younger brother becomes annoyed and tells him that every airline has crashed at one point or another. To this, the older brother exclaims, â€Å"Qantas never crashed.† Upset at his obstinacy and refusing to fly to Australia just to travel to Los Angeles, the younger brother attempts to pull the older. He responds in the only way he knows—by screaming. Not wishing to undergo his painful screams, the younger brother stops and reassures his brother that they will drive to Los Angeles instead. This scene may sound weird to neurologically-typical (NT), or â€Å"normal†, people, but it does demonstrate the coping strategies of people with autism, as exhibited through this scene from Rain Man. Charlie Babbitt, a neurologically typical adult, does not understand how his brother, Raymond Babbitt, who is a high-functioning autistic, functions in his little world that he has created. Manifestations of autism such as this indicate to people how an autistic was seen as â€Å"like a wolf† (Pollak 258) in older definitions. Recently, though, people are beginning to understand that the problem is organic, or biologically based, as opposed to the psychogenic, or psychologically based, hypothesis of the past. With the release of Rain Man came the increased understanding of autistics and a willingness to find out what autistics are thinking, thus i... ...on & Schuster, 1997. Rain Man. Dir. Barry Levinson. Prod. Mark Johnson. Metro Goldwyn Mayer, 1988. Rimland, Bernard. Infantile Autism: the Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Behavior. New York: Meredith Publishing Company, 1964. Rowe, Peter. â€Å"Delving into the Mystery of Autism.† San Diego Union-Tribune 16 October 2001. 9 December 2001 Schneider, Edgar. Discovering My Autism: Apologia Pro Vita Sua (with Apologies to Cardinal Newman). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd., 1999. Smith, Claude J., Jr. â€Å"Finding a Warm Place for Someone We Know: the Cultural Appeal of Recent Mental Patient and Asylum Films.† Journal of Popular Film and Television 27.1 (2001). 9 December 2001

Assess the Significance of the Role of Individuals in Reducing Racial Discrimination in the Period 1877-1981

Assess the significance of the role of individuals in reducing racial discrimination in the period 1877-1981. The post-civil war era of American history could be argued as one with great promise for African Americans. With the North winning the Civil War and Lincoln granting the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, surely the seeds had been sown for equality for all in America; blacks and whites included?Despite the foundations having been laid for equality, it may not be surprising that only small progress was made when Lincoln- the â€Å"saviour† of Blacks- had little interest in abolishing slavery in the first place; â€Å"if I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it†. However, it cannot be disputed that, whatever his intentions had been, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation did provide just a glimpse of hope for African Americans; De Jure, the African Americans throughout America had freedom and were able to leave the slavery of Southern plantatio n owners.Why is it then, that De Facto, the years following the Civil War failed to provide this ‘new hope' for Blacks and that racism & discrimination continued for many years to come? The idea of Blacks developing the mind set they needed in order to fight for their freedom can be categorised as their ‘developing consciousness'. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, it was evident that Blacks had begun to realise that they too had rights and were entitled to the same as the Whites.Through the work of organisations such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) and the Harlem Renaissance as well as individuals such as William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B) Du Bois; Blacks in American began developing their identity as a group and using this to fight back against the oppression of Whites. Du Bois was known as a vocal critic of Booker T Washington, being an educated Black- graduating from Fisk University in 1885 and studying history at Harvard University- he became the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. From Harvard. In order to develop Black Consciousness, Du Bois joined forces with the like minded activists of the NAACP. The NAACP's main focal points were: The abolition of segregation; equal voting rights; educational opportunities for black people; the enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Despite the main focuses of the NAACPs campaigns, it could be argued that the main thing they did for the progress of Black Equality was the uniting of Blacks under one force; by 1918 there were around 43,994 members in the NAACP.This gathering of Blacks under one organisation cannot be ignored, for the first time the African-Americans of America were joining together in order to fight for their freedom. One key event which argues against the idea that individuals were significant in reducing racial discrimination is that of WWI; argued by Sander's- â€Å"The First World War generated jobs and gave blacks s oldiers a glimpse of greater equality†. The treatment of Blacks abroad- particularly France- showed the African-Americans that the treatment they were receiving at home was unfair and that they were indeed in a situation which needed to change.It is a hard task indeed to decide whether or Black Consciousness increased due to the work solely of individuals such as Du Bois, organisations like the NAACP or events like WWI. Many would argue that it was not a single one of these factors which led to the increase of Black's realisation of potential. One argument however is that surely without individuals behind the organisations, the work and impact of the organisation is nothing? Individuals are able to lead, organise and even inspire; something that events and organisations are unable to do.The process of increased black nationalism is certainly one which cannot be overlooked; indeed it may not have achieved solid changes in law, and some go as far to say that it may have even hin dered the advancement of Black Civil Rights. Despite this one could argue that the development of black nationalism catalysed the civil rights movement for many African Americans; installing a sense of pride inside the hearts of many which was drastically needed at the time. Before trying to pin any credible progress on the black nationalism movement it is first important to attempt to define ‘Black Nationalism'.A simple definition of it would be that it was an ideology which stresses the desire for separatism of the black race; â€Å"unity as a people, pride in African heritage, the creation of autonomous institutions and the search for a territory to build a nation† (Cone, 1991, 122). However the ideology of black nationalists varies greatly between individuals; a perfect example of this is Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. The two vary drastically between their methods in raising black nationalism.The methods and effectiveness of Malcolm X's campaign for the improved lives of black Americans are up for questioning by many. Indeed his tactics were more radicalised than his non-violent counterpart Dr King: Malcolm X even stated in Washington, 1964 that â€Å"I'm here to remind the white man of the alternative to Dr King†. This statement could be seen to sum up the purpose of Malcolm X; due to the lack of credible change attached to him, one has to question whether his purpose was merely just to show what could happen (increased radicalisation and violence) if the demands of Dr King were not met.This lack of credible, positive actions and change by Malcolm X and his current organisation the Nation Of Islam is an idea which can be- and has been- argued in depth. One could argue that, in terms of De Jure, Malcolm X did not achieve anything significant and indeed many considered him to be irresponsible and negative; Thurgood Marshall even went as far as to say that the NOI was â€Å"run by a bunch of thugs†. Despite this, De Facto, one cannot simply ignore the fact that Malcolm X did indeed draw early attention to the awful conditions in the ghettos and according to the FBI, he was â€Å"The most successful recruiter for the Black Muslims†.This can be credited to Malcolm X being a Zeitgeist; he was able to tap into the spirit of the time and the feelings of the people, using this to draw the huge amounts of support he did for the Nation of Islam. Indeed it may be seen that a radical, passionate individual like Malcolm X was needed at that specific time for the black nationalism movement; it cannot be ignored that Martin Luther King was not at his most successful stage and the fire of black civil rights and nationalism which had been burning brightly was indeed beginning to burn dimmer or some might even say had gone out at the time.After looking at the impact in which individuals had on the civil rights movement and the contrast of events, one can still come back to the fundamentals of the debate; without a n individual to start an organisation or instigate an event surely no progress at all would have been made? If one is able to look at the larger picture of the progress made in reducing racial discrimination in the years Assess the Significance of the Role of Individuals in Reducing Racial Discrimination in the Period 1877-1981 Assess the significance of the role of individuals in reducing racial discrimination in the period 1877-1981. The post-civil war era of American history could be argued as one with great promise for African Americans. With the North winning the Civil War and Lincoln granting the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, surely the seeds had been sown for equality for all in America; blacks and whites included?Despite the foundations having been laid for equality, it may not be surprising that only small progress was made when Lincoln- the â€Å"saviour† of Blacks- had little interest in abolishing slavery in the first place; â€Å"if I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it†. However, it cannot be disputed that, whatever his intentions had been, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation did provide just a glimpse of hope for African Americans; De Jure, the African Americans throughout America had freedom and were able to leave the slavery of Southern plantatio n owners.Why is it then, that De Facto, the years following the Civil War failed to provide this ‘new hope' for Blacks and that racism & discrimination continued for many years to come? The idea of Blacks developing the mind set they needed in order to fight for their freedom can be categorised as their ‘developing consciousness'. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, it was evident that Blacks had begun to realise that they too had rights and were entitled to the same as the Whites.Through the work of organisations such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) and the Harlem Renaissance as well as individuals such as William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B) Du Bois; Blacks in American began developing their identity as a group and using this to fight back against the oppression of Whites. Du Bois was known as a vocal critic of Booker T Washington, being an educated Black- graduating from Fisk University in 1885 and studying history at Harvard University- he became the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. From Harvard. In order to develop Black Consciousness, Du Bois joined forces with the like minded activists of the NAACP. The NAACP's main focal points were: The abolition of segregation; equal voting rights; educational opportunities for black people; the enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Despite the main focuses of the NAACPs campaigns, it could be argued that the main thing they did for the progress of Black Equality was the uniting of Blacks under one force; by 1918 there were around 43,994 members in the NAACP.This gathering of Blacks under one organisation cannot be ignored, for the first time the African-Americans of America were joining together in order to fight for their freedom. One key event which argues against the idea that individuals were significant in reducing racial discrimination is that of WWI; argued by Sander's- â€Å"The First World War generated jobs and gave blacks s oldiers a glimpse of greater equality†. The treatment of Blacks abroad- particularly France- showed the African-Americans that the treatment they were receiving at home was unfair and that they were indeed in a situation which needed to change.It is a hard task indeed to decide whether or Black Consciousness increased due to the work solely of individuals such as Du Bois, organisations like the NAACP or events like WWI. Many would argue that it was not a single one of these factors which led to the increase of Black's realisation of potential. One argument however is that surely without individuals behind the organisations, the work and impact of the organisation is nothing? Individuals are able to lead, organise and even inspire; something that events and organisations are unable to do.The process of increased black nationalism is certainly one which cannot be overlooked; indeed it may not have achieved solid changes in law, and some go as far to say that it may have even hin dered the advancement of Black Civil Rights. Despite this one could argue that the development of black nationalism catalysed the civil rights movement for many African Americans; installing a sense of pride inside the hearts of many which was drastically needed at the time. Before trying to pin any credible progress on the black nationalism movement it is first important to attempt to define ‘Black Nationalism'.A simple definition of it would be that it was an ideology which stresses the desire for separatism of the black race; â€Å"unity as a people, pride in African heritage, the creation of autonomous institutions and the search for a territory to build a nation† (Cone, 1991, 122). However the ideology of black nationalists varies greatly between individuals; a perfect example of this is Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. The two vary drastically between their methods in raising black nationalism.The methods and effectiveness of Malcolm X's campaign for the improved lives of black Americans are up for questioning by many. Indeed his tactics were more radicalised than his non-violent counterpart Dr King: Malcolm X even stated in Washington, 1964 that â€Å"I'm here to remind the white man of the alternative to Dr King†. This statement could be seen to sum up the purpose of Malcolm X; due to the lack of credible change attached to him, one has to question whether his purpose was merely just to show what could happen (increased radicalisation and violence) if the demands of Dr King were not met.This lack of credible, positive actions and change by Malcolm X and his current organisation the Nation Of Islam is an idea which can be- and has been- argued in depth. One could argue that, in terms of De Jure, Malcolm X did not achieve anything significant and indeed many considered him to be irresponsible and negative; Thurgood Marshall even went as far as to say that the NOI was â€Å"run by a bunch of thugs†. Despite this, De Facto, one cannot simply ignore the fact that Malcolm X did indeed draw early attention to the awful conditions in the ghettos and according to the FBI, he was â€Å"The most successful recruiter for the Black Muslims†.This can be credited to Malcolm X being a Zeitgeist; he was able to tap into the spirit of the time and the feelings of the people, using this to draw the huge amounts of support he did for the Nation of Islam. Indeed it may be seen that a radical, passionate individual like Malcolm X was needed at that specific time for the black nationalism movement; it cannot be ignored that Martin Luther King was not at his most successful stage and the fire of black civil rights and nationalism which had been burning brightly was indeed beginning to burn dimmer or some might even say had gone out at the time.After looking at the impact in which individuals had on the civil rights movement and the contrast of events, one can still come back to the fundamentals of the debate; without a n individual to start an organisation or instigate an event surely no progress at all would have been made? If one is able to look at the larger picture of the progress made in reducing racial discrimination in the years

Summarizing and Paraphrasing a Source Activity

In the University of Phoenix Material Summarizing and Paraphrasing a Source Activity Part 1: Summarizing Review the following passage and summarize it in the box as though you were including this information in a research paper. Use the reference to create an appropriate APA-formatted in-text citation. Aggressive driving is characterized by the tendency to view driving as a competition rather than as a means of getting from one place to another. Although most drivers are content to move along with the flow of traffic, aggressive drivers weave from lane to lane, seeking any advantage that will place them ahead of others. Aggressive drivers are also more likely to tailgate and honk the horn in an effort to intimidate other drivers or simply to move them along faster. When confronted with heavy traffic, aggressive drivers often engage in dangerous behavior such as passing on the right, using utility or turn lanes as driving lanes, and ignoring traffic signals. Paradoxically, aggressive drivers often pride themselves on their skill. They see other, more cautious drivers as the problem, not themselves. Reference Arlov, P. (2007). Wordsmith: A guide to college writing (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NY: Prentice Hall. Summary As stated by P. Arlov in Wordsmith: A guide to college writing, â€Å"Aggressive diving is characterized by the tendency to view driving as a competition †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2007) Those type of drivers do not follow the rules of driving, and can create unsafe situations for other drivers in the road. Part 2: Paraphrasing and Quoting Review the following passage and paraphrase it in the following box. Use the reference to create an appropriate APA-formatted in-text citation. Additionally, include one direct quotation. One of the most valuable skills a student can develop is focus. Focus is the ability to concentrate on one thing for an extended period of time, shutting out everything else. The person who is focused has no trouble with homework; her mind is on the task until it is finished. The focused person has no trouble concentrating during a test. She does not even notice the voice of the lecturer in an adjacent classroom, the tapping pencil of the student two rows over, or her instructor’s squeaking chair. People differ widely in their ability to concentrate. Some seem capable of laser like focus on any job until it is completed. Others are easily distracted, jumping up from homework to do a hundred small, but suddenly urgent, tasks as the homework gets pushed further into the background. Like any other skill, the ability to focus can be learned and reinforced through practice. To improve your ability to concentrate, start by establishing a set time and place to study. If possible, study at the same time and in the same place every day. Establishing a routine gives study the importance it deserves and helps make studying a habit. Then, to keep yourself on task, set a small timer as you begin studying. Start by setting the timer to go off after 15 minutes. Until the timer goes off, give studying your full attention. If your mind wanders—and it will—pull it back to the task. Then reward yourself with something small: 5 minutes of solitaire on your computer or a trip to the refrigerator for a glass of iced tea. Time your reward, too—about 5 minutes should be sufficient. Then set the timer for another 15 minutes. As concentration becomes a habit, that habit will spill over into the classroom, too. You will be better able to focus on your instructor’s words or on the test you are taking. If extraneous noises during a test still distract you, invest in a pair of earplugs to shut out noise as you take your test. The ability to concentrate is a necessary skill. Fortunately, it is a skill that can be improved with effort. Reference Arlov, P. (2007). Wordsmith: A guide to college writing (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NY: Prentice Hall. Paraphrase and Quotation Focusing is a skill that can be learned by practicing. Students can make certain changes in their studying habits in order to make this possible. This can be done in many different ways like using timers and setting time frames to accomplish any task in hand. Another way of getting your mind in to this habit is by rewarding you time spent on studying with breaks, but these have to be kept short so that focus will not be lost in other ways of distractions. Everyone is different so each person that has trouble focusing must learn their own type of style of focusing that works from them. One way of knowing if focusing is an issue for a student is if they are easily distracted by noise or activity around them while trying to study or take tests. Sometimes noise distractions can be fixed by using some kind of noise blocking device such as earplugs. The most effective way is to keep a routine in place to study and do homework same time and same place every time. As stated by P. Arlov in Wordsmith: A guide to college writing; â€Å"One of the most valuable skills a student can develop is focus† (3rd ed. , 2007). This is one of the most important skills to success of a college student to learn because this skill can transfer over to being able to learn more in a class room setting, and be able to pick up more information while the instructor is speaking. Reference: Arlov, P. (2007). Wordsmith: A guide to college writing (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NY: Prentice Hall.

Summary Azadi Essays

Summary Azadi Essays Summary Azadi Essay Summary Azadi Essay In order to reinforce the corporate governance system in Unites States, Academy Committee reviewed the financial. The idea was to inculcate openness in the system. Amongst other things, Directors remuneration was to be decided on by a group of non-executives. It recommended disclosing and bifurcating elements of the salary along with an explanation as to how is it determined. Information about stock options, stock appreciation rights, and pension contributions should also be given. Moreover, they also suggested that future service contracts should not exceed three years without prior approval of shareholders. In June 1995, the Employment Committee of the House of Commons reported on the remuneration of directors and chief executives of privatized utilities. John Monks, Secretary General of the UTC conducted the UTC Survey in 1 995 which shows that the wage gap between executives and their respective workforces is growing at a faster pace in private companies than utilities. Though this gap widened in recession, the directors of private companies have always accorded themselves high pay increments. Established in 1995, the Greenberg Committee is of the view that statuary controls are of minimal significance and progress lies in self exultation, which allows controlling and enhancing performance. Some of the basic clauses are 1 ) effective delegation of responsibility for determination of directors remuneration which would not only represent shareholders interest and guard company s finances 2) This group of people needs to *J. I. B. L. 475 submit a report to the shareholders explaining the companys approach along with all the relevant disclosures. This task shall be allocated to the Non-executives Committee. Current Regulation Of Executive pay in united Kingdom Determination of executive remuneration is a controversial affair. Common law fails to provide enough guidelines as there is a general reluctance by the court in estimating salary market value. Also, it is considered a companys private matter. Conventionally, the companys constitution has it that the board would decide on the salary and the directors wont have a say in it. This triggers mutual back scratching as both the parties dont scrutinize the process for implied benefits. Directors can even determine their own pay but it involves statutory provisions for disclosure. Provisions in Companies Act 2006 supports the idea of accountability. As per s. 28, directors remuneration must be disclosed whereas the service contacts should be available for inspection by the *J. B. L. 445 shareholders. Moreover, approval at general meeting is required to award contracts of over 5 years. S. 420 makes it mandatory to prepare remuneration report as a part of annual report, non performance of which is an offence. 0 must include details on the package and board. A resolution is required to approve the report as a whole by casting of votes. Hanging writes that this has stimulated shareholders into positively assessing directors remuneration packages ether than passively agreeing to them as a fiat accomplice, as used to be the case in the past. Role of self-regulation in controlling excessive remuneration Transformation of remuneration culture is a time consuming process but some improvements have taken place. Companies Act of 2006 has been revised by extension of principle of disclosure and transparency. Self- regulating codes of best practice have also instituted interesting changes. For instance, the Principle Del . Of UK Corporate Governance code requires performance related elements of remuneration to be linked with companys Eng term success. FSP has considered compensation structures and fixed and variable components are to be decided at company level. A shift towards fixed components of remuneration should be discouraged as explained by the COED report. Remuneration policies are subject to shareholder approval at annual meetings. 88 Thus shareholders need to be in a better position to have a say in pay determination. Say on pay policy, introduced in UK is seen to build on this idea as it re requires publicly listed companies to submit an executive remuneration report to a non-binding shareholder vote at the annual general meeting. 89 For effective implementation of this scheme, a high level of transparency is a must. Its effectiveness can be adhered from the fact that financial crisis occurred after its introduction. Allowing directors to determine their pay causes overstatement. 95 Hence companies should clearly identify and allocate the tasks. Principle D. 2. 1 of UK Corporate Governance Code requires establishment of a board comprising of at least 3 non executive directors. In contrast with existing non executive directors are not appointees of inside management and hence might do a better job of retesting companys interests. 97 Also, they will be in a better position to negotiate. 98 The role of independent directors is crucial in removing the bias of management. The pay packages that are now criticized were once approved by remuneration committee, as identified by Skye. Australia Australia, a country renowned for up gradation of laws to prevent directors from having any unfair advantage. Some recent amendments have both raised and resolved few queries in the insolvency law. A commendable development is Corporations Amendment (Repayment of Directors Bonuses) Act 2003 which has resulted in new operative section FASTS of Corporations Act 2001. The fall of One. Tell, a large mobile phone company, triggered the enactment of this act. Before the organizations demise, the directors had approved massive bonuses to two of its managing directors. The government reacted by allowing recovery of payments after a company becomes insolvent. Section FASTS permits the liquidator to redeem benefit of any unreasonable director-related transaction, but there is no exhaustive definition of what such a transaction is. A case by case analysis is required.